Beirut

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{{Infobox City| official_name = Beirut| native_name = بيروت‎| image_skyline = nejmehsquare.jpg| image_map = Map_of_Lebanon.png| image_caption = Place de l'Étoile in Centre-Ville Beyrouth| mapsize =| map_caption = Location in the Republic of Lebanon| subdivision_type = Governorates of Lebanon| subdivision_name = Beirut Governorate| leader_title = Mayor, [largest city, and chief seaport of Lebanon. It is sometimes referred to by its French language name, Beyrouth. There are wide-ranging estimates of Beirut's population, from as low as 938,940 people, United Nations: "Demographic Yearbook 2003", page 53, 2003 to 1,303,129 people, Lebanese Ministry of Environment: "Lebanon State of the Environment Report", Chapter 1, page 11, 2001. to as high as 2,012,000. Encyclopedia of the Nations The lack of an exact figure is due to the fact that no "comprehensive" population census has been taken in Lebanon since 1932. Lebanese Ministry of Environment: "Lebanon State of the Environment Report", Chapter 1, page 9, 2001.

Beirut had undergone major reconstruction in recent years and has hosted the Francophonie and the Arab League summits in 2002. In 2007, Beirut hosted the ceremony for Le Prix Albert Londres, which rewards outstanding Francophone journalists every year.http://fr.news.yahoo.com/11052007/202/le-prix-albert-londres-remis-beyrouth-le-18-mai.html The city is set to host the Jeux de la Francophonie in 2009.

Beirut was considered as a possible candidate for the 2024 Summer Olympics games. The massive $1.2 billion Sannine Zenith project will make Lebanon capable of holding the games.

The city is home to numerous international organizations. The United Nations ESCWA (ESCWA) is headquartered in Downtown Beirut while the International Labour Organization (ILO) and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) both have regional offices in Beirut covering the Arab world. The Arab Air Carriers Organization (AACO) is also headquartered in Beirut.

In Travel and Leisure magazine's 'World Best Awards 2006', Beirut was ranked the 9th (out of 10) city in the world, falling just short of New York City and coming ahead of San Francisco.Travel and Leisure: Top 10 Cities Overall

History in the Background - 19th centuryOriginally named Bêrūt, "The Wells" by the Phoenicians, Beirut's history goes back more than 5000 years. Excavations in the Beirut Central District area have unearthed layers of Phoenician, Hellenistic, Roman, Arab and Ottoman civilizations. The first historical reference to Beirut dates from the 14th century BC, when it is mentioned in the Cuneiform script tablets of the "Amarna letters." Ammunira of Biruta (Beirut) sent 3 letters to the pharaoh of Egypt. Biruta is also referenced in the letters from Rib-Hadda of Byblos. The most ancient settlement was on an island in the river that progressively silted up. The city was known in antiquity as Berytus (see also List of traditional Greek place names); this name was taken in 1934 for the archaeological journal published by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut.

In 140 BC, the city was taken and destroyed by Diodotus Tryphon in his contest with Antiochus VII Sidetes for the throne of the Seleucid monarchy. Beirut was soon rebuilt on a more regularized Hellenistic plan, renamed Laodicea in Phoenicia (Greek language: Λαοδικεια ή του Φοινίκη) or Laodicea in Canaan, in honor of a Seleucid Laodice. The modern city overlies the ancient one and little archaeology had been accomplished until after the end of the civil war in 1991; now large sites in the devastated city center have been opened to archaeological exploration. A dig in 1994 established that one of Beirut's modern streets, Souk Tawile, still follows the lines of an ancient Hellenistic/Roman one.

Mid-coxareno century coins of Berytus bear the head of Tyche, goddess of fortune; on the reverse, the city's symbol appears: a dolphin entwines an anchor. This symbol was taken up by the early printer Aldus Manutius in 15th century Venice.

Under the Romans, it was enriched by the dynasty of Herod the Great, and was made a colonia (Roman), Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus, in 14 BC. Beirut's school of law was widely known at the time. Two of Rome's most famous jurists, Papinian and Ulpian, both natives of Phoenicia, taught at the law school under the Severan emperors. When Justinian I assembled his Pandects in the 6th century, a large part of the corpus of laws were derived from these two jurists, and Justinian recognized the school as one of the three official law schools of the empire (533). Within a few years, as the result of a disastrous earthquake (551), the students were transferred to Sidon.

Beirut passed to the Arabs in 635. As a trading centre of the eastern Mediterranean, Beirut was overshadowed by Acre (city) during the Middle Ages. From 1110 to 1291 it was in the hands of the Crusadess. No matter who was its nominal overlord, whether Turk or Mamluk, Beirut was ruled locally by Druze emirs. One of these, Fakr ed-Din Maan II, fortified it early in the 17th century, but the Ottoman Empire retook it in 1763 and thenceforth, with the help of Damascus, Beirut successfully broke Akka's monopoly on Syrian maritime trade and for a few years supplanted it as the main trading centre in the region. During the succeeding epoch of rebellion against Ottoman hegemony at Akka under Jezzar Pasha and Abdullah Pasha pashas, Beirut declined to a small town (population about 10,000), and was fought over among the Druze, the Turks and the pashas.

After Ibrahim Pasha captured Akka in 1832, Beirut began its early modern revival. In 1888, Beirut was made capital of a vilayet in Syria, including the sanjaks Latakia, Tripoli, Lebanon, Beirut, Akka and Bekaa. Beirut became a very cosmopolitan city and had close links with Europe and the United States. Beirut became a centre of missionary activity, which was generally very unsuccessful in conversions (a massacre of Christians in 1860 was the occasion for further European interventions), but did build an impressive education system. This included the Syrian Protestant College, which was established by American missionaries and eventually became the American University of Beirut (AUB). Beirut became the centre of Arab intellectual activity in the 19th century. Provided with water from a British company and gas from a French one, the city thrived on exporting silk grown on nearby Mount Lebanon. After French engineers established a modern harbor (1894) and a rail link across Lebanon to Damascus, and then to Aleppo (1907), much of the trade was carried by France ships to Marseille, and soon French influence in the area exceeded that of any other European power. In 1911, the population mix was reported in the Encyclopædia Britannica as Muslims, 36,000; Christians, 77,000; Jews, 2500; Druze, 400; foreigners, 4100. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, Beirut, along with all of Lebanon was placed under the French Mandate of Lebanon.

, Beirut

Lebanon achieved independence in 1943 and Beirut became its capital city. Beirut remained the intellectual capital of the Arab world and a major commercial and tourist center until 1975 when a brutal Lebanese Civil War broke out in Lebanon. During most of the war, the city was divided between the largely Muslim west part and the Christian east. The central area of the city, previously the focus of much of the commercial and cultural activities, became a no man's land. Many of the city's best and brightest inhabitants fled to other countries. In 1983, French and US 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, killing 302.

Since the end of the war in 1989, the people of Lebanon have been rebuilding Beirut, and by the start of the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict the city had somewhat regained its status as a tourism, cultural, and intellectual center in the Middle East, as well as a center for commerce, fashion, and media. However, many would say the city has lost its premier status, due to competition from places like Dubai and Cyprus in the fields of tourism, business, fashion, commerce, and banking. Reconstruction of downtown Beirut has been largely driven by Solidere, a development company established in 1994 by Rafik Hariri. Beirut is home to the international designer Elie Saab, jeweller Robert Moawad, and to some popular satellite television stations, such as LBC, Future TV, New TV and others. The city was host to the Asian Basketball Championship and the Asian Football Championship. Beirut also successfully hosted the Miss Europe pageant eight times, 1960-1964, 1999, 2001-2002.

The 2005 assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri near the Saint George Bay in Beirut shook the entire country. Approximately one million people gathered for an Lebanese March 14 movement in Beirut, a month after the death of Hariri. It is the largest rally in Lebanon's history. The last Syrian troops withdrew from Beirut on April 26 2005.

Geography )

Backed by the Mount Lebanon mountains, Beirut is situated on a spur where the narrow coastal plain projects into the Mediterranean Sea. Beirut's coast is rather diverse; rocky beaches, sandy shores, and cliffs are situated beside one another.

Beirut is located halfway along the Lebanese coastline with Byblos and Tripoli to the North, and Sidon and Tyre to the South. The Lebanon Mountains surround much of Beirut, with Eastern Lebanon behind them. Its location makes it easy to reach from almost any location in Lebanon.

Climate Beirut has a mediterranean climate characterized by a hot and dry (but humid) summer, pleasant fall and spring, and cool, rainy winter. August is the hottest month of the year with a monthly average high temperature of 29 °C (85 °F), and January and February are the coldest months with a monthly average low temperature of 10 °C (50 °F). During the afternoon and evening, the wind direction is from the west, the mediterranean sea direction, towards inland; at night the wind direction is reversed, blowing from the land out to sea.

Winter is the rainy season, with major precipitation falling after December. The average annual rainfall is 860 millimetres (34.1 Inches); the rainfall is concentrated during scattered days in winter falling in heavy cloudbursts.

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Districts & Neighborhoods The districts of Beirut are:

Beirut Central District
Achrafieh includes Sodeco and Gemmayzeh neighborhoods
Ras Beirut includes Hamra, Verdun and Raouche neighborhoods
Al Saifi includes Saifi Village neighborhood
Al Mazraa
Rmeil
Bachoura
El Medawar
Mousseitbeh
Ein El Mreisseh
Zokak El Blat
El Port
Mina El Hosn

Colleges and universities There are twenty-one universities in Beirut, including:

American University of Beirut
American University College of Science and Technology
Business and Computer University (BCU)
Global University
Haigazian University
Lebanese American University (originally, the first women's college in the Middle East),
Lebanese University
Lebanese International University
Middle East Canadian Academy of Technology (MECAT)
Middle East University
Beirut Arab University
Near East School of Theology
Notre Dame University
Hariri Canadian University (HCU)
Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik
Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth
Yves Saade University

Transportation The city's airport is Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport and is located in the southern suburbs. It is the main port of entry into the country along with the Port of Beirut.

By land, the city has frequent bus connections to other cities in Lebanon and major cities in Syria; the latter are also served by either service taxi or taxicab. Buses for northern destinations and Syria leave from Charles Helou Station.

Public Spaces

Debbas Square above Riad Solh Square
Gibran Khalil Gibran Garden
Gibran Tueni Square
Horsh Beirut
Jesuits Garden
Martyrs' Square
Place de l'Etoile
René Moawad Garden
Riad Solh Square
Saint Nicolas Garden
Sioufi Garden

Sports Beirut, in addition to Sidon and Tripoli, hosted the 2000 AFC Asian Cup. There are two stadiums in the city, Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium and Beirut Municipal Stadium.

There are seven Football (soccer) teams in the Lebanese Premier League that are based in Beirut: Nejmeh, Al-Ansar, Al-Hikma, Al Ahed, Al-Mabarrah, Safa (Lebanese football club) and Shabab Al-Sahel.

Beirut has two Basketball teams, Al Riyadi and Al Hikma, that participate in the premiere division of the Lebanese Basketball Championship.

Other sports events in Beirut include the annual Beirut Marathon, a weekly Horse racing at Beirut Hippodrome, and Golf and Tennis tournaments that take place at Golf Club of Lebanon.

Media Beirut is the main center in Lebanon for the television, newspaper, and book publishing industries. The television stations include Télé Liban, LBCI, Future TV, NewTV Sat, Al-Manar, NBN , and Orange_TV. The newspapers include An-Nahar, As-Safir, Al Mustaqbal, Al Akhbar (Lebanon), Al-Balad (Newspaper), Ad-Diyar, Al Anwar, Al Sharq, L'Orient Le Jour and the Daily Star (Lebanon).

Religion Beirut is one of the most religiously diverse cities of the Middle East, with Islam (Sunni, Shi'ite and Druze), Christianity (Maronite Catholics, Eastern Orthodox Church, Greek Catholics, Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholics, Roman Catholics, Syriacs, Copts, Methodists, Protestantism), and atheists all having a significant presence, but mainly the Sunni Muslims are widely spread in Beirut. Most of the Jews of Beirut emigrated to Israel, and the United States when the Lebanese Civil War started in 1975, though there are also populations of Lebanese Jews in France and Brazil, one of the more famous ones being the banker Edmond Safra or the violinist Yfrah Neaman. Many of the denominations are actually tiny minorities or, like the Jews, almost non-existent (estimates place the Jewish population at less than 30). The Armenian Catholics, Roman Catholics, Syriacs, and Copts all number in the thousands and have a negligible presence when compared to the other religions. For all intents and purposes, Lebanon really only has eight major religions (Sunni Muslim, Shiite Muslim, Druze, Maronite Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholic, Armenian Orthodox, Armenian Catholic, and Protestant). There are no statistics that report atheists in Lebanon. Even though Lebanon is a secular country, family matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance are still handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith. Calls for civil marriage are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities but civil marriages held in another country are recognized by Lebanese civil authorities.

Beirut has had a history of political strife due to religious divisions. Religion has historically divided Lebanese society decisively, evident in its prolonged civil war.

The patron god of Beirut in Phoenician mythology is Baal-Berit, also god of the sea.

Arts & Fashion There are hundreds of art galleries in Beirut and its suburbs. Lebanese people are very involved in art and art production. More than 5000 fine art artists and equal artists working in music, design, architecture, theatre, movie industry, photography and all other forms of art are producing in Lebanon. Every year hundreds of fine art students graduate from universities and institutions. Artist Workshops are flourishing all around Lebanon. In Beirut specifically, the art scene is very rich, vibrant and diverse.

On another scale, fashion and couture are very much thriving throughout the city. Fashion houses are opening up and a number of international fashion designers have displayed their work in various fashion shows. Beirut is home to international fashion designers such as Elie Saab, Zuhair Murad, and Georges Chakra.

Famous Births

Keanu Reeves, Canadian actor.
Elie Saab, world famous Lebanese fashion designer.
Amin Maalouf, author born in 1949.
Mika (singer), Singer and composer born in 1983.
Hadi Kazemi, Iranian actor born 1986.
Serj Tankian, Lead vocalist for the Los Angeles, California band, System of a Down.
Michel Elefteriades, Greek-Lebanese politician, artist, producer and businessman.
K-Maro, Lebanese RnB singer now living in Canada.
Massari, Lebanese Hip-Hop singer.
Dom Joly, comedian and journalist.
Steve Kerr, 5 time NBA Champion.
John Dolmayan, Drummer for the Los Angeles, California band, System of a Down.

Sister cities

Paris, France (1992)
Yerevan, Armenia
Los Angeles, USA (2006)
Vitória, Brazil
Buenos Aires, Argentina
São Paulo, Brazil
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Montreal, Canada
Nicosia, Cyprus
Cairo, Egypt
Athens, Greece
Istanbul, Turkey
Dubai, UAE
Isfahan, Iran (2007)
Sydney, Australia

Gallery Image:Beirut sunset(6).jpg|Sunset in Beirut, LebanonImage:Beirut Downtown.jpg|Beirut Downtown, LebanonImage:Sursock house.jpg|Sursock House, Beirut, LebanonImage:Sursock house (1).jpg|Sursock House, Beirut, LebanonImage:Beirut.jpg|View from bickfaya, Beirut, LebanonImage:Beirut-Downtown.jpg|Beirut, Lebanon

See also

Beirut International Exhibition & Leisure Center

References

Linda Jones Hall, Roman Berytus: Beirut in Late Antiquity, 2004.
Samir Kassir, Histoire de Beyrouth, Fayard 2003.
Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (ISBN 0-691-03169-X), p. 69.

External links

Lebanon, the Cedars' Land: Beirut
Panorama virtual images of Beirut, Modern photos of the heart of Beirut, very interesting
Actuplebanon.com : picture galleries of Beirut, Lebanon, portaits of life in the country, conflict resources
/ Images of new Architecture of Down Town Beirut
Municipality of Beirut
Videos of Beirut
Destination Lebanon: Beirut (includes interactive map)
Forum de Beyrouth
BIEL
ESCWA
Beirut News
Lebanon beaches List of beaches and resorts in Lebanon. Also contains lists of events taking place at the beaches during summer
Beirut IRC Network Beirut Internet Relay Chat Network
Beirut National Museum
American University of Beirut (AUB)
Beirut Arab University
Haigazian University
HaririCanadian University (HCU)
Lebanese American University (LAU)
Lebanese International University (LIU)
Université Libanaise (UL)
Université Saint-Joseph (USJ)
Near East School of Theology (NEST)
Saint George Hospital (SGH)
Grand Lycée Franco-Libanais Beyrouth (GLFL)
Paths to History (interactive archaeological map of Beirut)
Lebanon Atlas (interactive map of Beirut)
Gemayze-Art
Berytus Roman school of law
Downtown Beirut
The Beirut Green Line 1975-1990
Civil War 1975 to 1990 & War on Lebanon 2006 Pictures
Samidoun (Beirut-based NGOs platform)

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UK Embassies Overseas Foreign & Commonwealth Office
British Embassy Embassies Complex Army Street, Zkak Al-Blat, Serail Hill PO Box 11-471 Beirut

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